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[綜合討論] [DSE]You are not alone - BAFS篇 (10/2更新#31+32 Business environment)

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 樓主| 發表於 9-2-2013 21:12:41 | 顯示全部樓層
本帖最後由 小雪冰 於 10-2-2013 13:23 編輯

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 樓主| 發表於 9-2-2013 21:27:38 | 顯示全部樓層
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 樓主| 發表於 9-2-2013 21:28:13 | 顯示全部樓層
本帖最後由 小雪冰 於 22-4-2013 18:19 編輯

Accounting principles
最後更新:
17/4/2013 新增本課要求&重點 & 常見題目種類 & 注意事項第1-4點 & 試題示範新增第1-3條:CE 1996 (1)、CE 2006 (1)、CE 1993 (1)

~本課概要~
基本上呢課真係得個吹字
不過我必需承認用個「吹」字又真係誇張左d既
我咁講只係想強調番本課既彈性姐

呢課就冇乜數計架啦 係背野同應用多
呢課唔單止可以獨立出題目
睇番以前CE既distribution table 幾乎每年都會出係第1題咁濟
不過重點唔係出係第幾題 而係幾乎年年都會出
所以呢課係必讀既

除左獨立一條之外 呢課亦都可以靜靜雞滲左入去任何課題入面
因為只要我地一日係做緊a/c既題目
就一日都會接觸到唔同既a/c principles
最常用既就係accrual & historical cost等等
前者會係做IS既rev & exp既時候用得著 (accruals & prepayments呢d)
後者就係做BS既asset valuation既時候會用到 (姐係要用cost / netbook value)
詳情就睇番下面啦
(字海注意)

~內容解說~
本課特別採用之簡寫如下:(其他簡寫請見#50 本notes簡寫對照表)
Infor = information
bus = business
fin = financial
A = assets
L = liabilities
st.line method = straight line method
red bal method = reducing balance method
NCA = non-current assets
acc depre = accumulated depreciation
CA = current assets
COGS = cost of goods sold
P/L = profit and loss

係高中既課程入面 總共需要知道以下呢13個principles:

1. Going concern
- Meaning : it assumes that the bus will continue in operational existence in the near foreseeable future
姐係假設間公司會一直營運落去 唔會清盤 (姐係執笠)

- Importance : FS are drawn up on the assumption that there is no intention to liquidate
做FS既時候所採用既假設同上

- Function : accountant does not normally prepare a/cs to show wt the various A would realize on liquidation / on the assumption of a fundamental change in the nature of the bus, allowing more comparable infor
我其實都唔係太明 意思大概係會計師做a/cs既時候唔會假設間公司既性質有變,所以採用既原則一直都會係一樣,所以人地就可以做到呢間公司唔同時期既資訊比較

- Shortcomings :
a. may be misleading when some firms cease trading shortly after publication of a/cs drawn up
如果間公司係發佈左財務報告之後冇幾耐就執笠,咁呢d報告既資料就會誤導左使用者,因為入面d資料都仲係用緊唔會執笠既假設黎做
例如BS既A仲係用緊cost而唔係market value黎計

b. abandonment’s consequences may be important infor to an unsecured lender

c. alternative ways of evaluation may lead to a different result

- Example :
As ABC limited decides to close down three months later, its NCA & CA should be valued at their market values. For example, stock with cost of $1000 and market value of $500 should be valued at $500.

額外補充:
因為間公司準備執笠
為左更真實咁反映番公司持有既資產
所以先可以用market value黎記錄A
但係如果間公司冇執笠既打算
就一定要用番historical cost既

2. Accruals
- Meaning : rev & exp are recorded when they are earned or received respectively instead of when they are received or paid respectively
rev & exp應該按番兩者發生既年份黎入數
而唔係跟收到幾多錢黎入
例如我係某一個fin yr比左$2000既electricity
但係呢一年我應該要比既總數係$2500
咁就會有$2500 - $2000 = $500既accrued electricity
將electricity既exp入落IS既時候
我應該入番$2500 而唔係$2000
因為前者先係呢一個fin year發生既金額
後者只係我比出去既金額黎 而且唔係total

- Importance : earning of an income / consumption of a resource can be accurately related to specific time periods
因為係按rev & exp發生既年份入數
所以就可以搵番呢一個financial yr牽涉到乜野rev & exp

- Function : it provides a guideline as to how to match rev & exp in the a/c period
呢個concept為accountants提供左一個入rev & exp既原則

- Shortcomings :
a. wk is required to apportion income & exp to time periods
大家做FS既時候應該感受幾深架啦
下下搵accruals & prepayments都係幾煩的

b. FS become more complicated compared with cash flow a/c
因為跟accrual concept黎做FS既話
舊數就未必會係同今年所收到 / 比出去既金額一模一樣
FS相比起cash flow a/c (姐係按今年收到 / 比出去既金額黎入數)自然就會比較複雜

- Example :
ABC limited’s fin yr end date is 31 March. It has paid monthly rent of $10000 for 1 April 2010 to 1 May 2011. However, only rent of $120000 ($10000 x 12) should be recorded in the P/L a/c for the yr ended 31 March 2011. The remaining $2000 ($1000 x 2) should be recorded as prepaid rent.
些少解說:
1 Apr 2010 – 31 March 2011係一個fin yr
由於宜家比出去既rent係包埋Apr & May 2011
所以呢2個月既rent係呢段時間黎講就係prepayments

點先為之一個月呢?
一定係用番1號 / 30號 / 31號架啦
唔使理果個月係唔係潤月既
比30號就當30號係月尾果日就得
例如1 Apr – 30 Apr就係一個月
唔使去到1 May先當係一個月既

3. Business entity
- Meaning : the bus is seen as an entity legally & economically separated from its owner
公司同埋個老闆係法律同埋經濟狀況上黎講
係兩個獨立既個體黎

- Importance : separation of owner’s wealth from the wealth invested in a bus was recognized as necessary
分開老闆同埋公司既財產係被視為必需既

- Function : it forms foundation of double entry system & makes infor more objective
呢個concept為double entry打下左基礎
同時亦都令資料更加客觀

- Shortcomings :
a. it is artificial as the A & L are in law those of the owners
因為間公司d資產係法律上係屬於個老闆既
呢個concept就強行分開老闆同埋公司既資產
所以就變得人工化左

b. do not make clear to creditors wt actual A are available to meet their claims, especially for those unlimited companies.
由於公司既資產同老闆果d分開左
所以做FS既時候都只會入番公司自己既資產落去
而唔會包括埋老闆自己既資產
creditors就咁睇FS既時候變相就只係知道間公司有幾多資產
但係就唔知個老闆有幾多資產
所以佢地就唔會知究竟實際上個老闆同公司總共有幾多資產可以還到比佢地
而unlimited companies既老闆係有unlimited L
就算間公司破左產 creditors都要問番個老闆喇錢
所以呢個缺點係呢個情況下就更加嚴重

- Example :
A sole proprietor has a private motor vehicle with cost of $10000. However, this motor vehicle should not be recorded in his bus’s a/cs as it is his A instead of his bus’ A.

4. Historical cost
- Meaning : A are recorded at their pur / manufacturing cost (minus acc depre if any) including any subsequent additional costs instead of their market value
A入落a/c既時候應該入番買佢番黎既金額
又或者係製造既成本 (如果舊A係公司自己整既話)
仲要減番acc depre
同埋加番後來發生既額外成本 (指既係cap exp 簡單黎講姐係會提升A既功能 / 唔比呢舊錢就用唔到舊A既exp 詳情請見#22 Depreciation of non-current assets)
而唔係佢既市價

- Importance : historical cost is objective & verifiable while showing A at realizable value would be subjective & subject to wide variation in measurement
Historical cost係客觀同埋可以核實既value
如果用realizable value既話 可能就會涉及到主觀既判斷同埋量度金額既誤差

- Function : the cost convention provides a universal & consistent & simple method of recording A
呢個concept令到公司入A落a/c既時候
可以用一個更統一、一致同埋簡單既方法
統一係因為每間公司都係用呢個做法
一致係因為間公司年年都係咁樣記錄A (公司清盤時除外 請見1. Going concern)
簡單就唔使講啦 搵番個pur / manufacturing cost之類既金額都唔係好難姐

- Shortcomings :
a. serious distortion occurs in times of changing price LVs
當物價不斷轉變既時候
A既價值同時都會不斷轉變
但係公司幾乎永遠都係用historical cost黎記錄A
所以係呢段時間就會造成A價值既嚴重扭曲

b. actual infor needed by managers & investors may be the current values of A. Historical costs, to some extent, are irrelevant.
經理同埋投資者實際上係做決定既時候會用到既A values可能係舊A宜家既價錢
呢個時候 historical cost就會係冇關既value

- Example :
A piece of stock with cost of $500 & market value of $1000 should be recorded at $500 in the a/cs.

額外補充:
1. 見no.1 going concern之額外補充

2. 基於prudence concept既關係
所以未經證實既利益係唔可以記錄落a/cs度既
(=rev should be be overstated)

5. Prudence / Conservatism
- Meaning : A & rev should not be overstated / anticipated while provisions should be made for all possible losses / exp
唔可以誇大A同埋rev既金額
同時要為所有有可能發生既losses / exp提供provisions(儲備)

- Importance : in making a/c judgments & estimates, it is necessary to adopt an attitude of FS caution
係做決定 / 預測既時候
必需要保守d、有警覺性d

- Function : natural optimism of businessmen needs to be countered by the pessimism of the accountants. If doubt exists, it is better to stay on the safe side
生意人有種好自然既樂觀 有時仲會過份樂觀
呢個concept正好制衡番佢地呢種既樂觀
當有猶疑既時候 梗係要保守d
因為咁先比較安全

- Shortcomings :
a. it may discourage investors & it is unnecessarily pessimistic
由於A & rev都係偏向報細數
所以可能會造成投資者睇落就會覺得呢間公司冇咁值得投資既現象
另外 呢個concept既理念偏向神經質既方向
似乎過份悲觀左

b. understated A values tend to lower appropriate prices for shares on stock exchange
講真 我唔清楚股票價錢係點樣決定啦
總之呢句意思係話報左細數既A values會偏向降低果間公司既股票本身應該有既價錢

- Example :
Allowance for doubtful debts is created for likely uncollectible debts.

6. Consistency
- Meaning : it requires that there is a consistency in a/c treatments of like items with each a/c period & from period to period
呢個concept要求處理同類items既時候
應該要一直保持用番一致既方法
例如公司一開始係用st.line method黎計NCA既acc depre
咁就要一直用呢個方法
唔可以隨便轉番其他acc depre既方法
除非轉左之後 可以更加準確咁反映番實況出黎

- Importance : comparability over time is to be achieved
因為間公司係唔同a/c period用既方法係一致既
所以就可以比較番間公司唔同時期既FS / 表現之類
不過如果係唔同公司既比較就未必可以咁樣做
因為可能兩間公司用既方法唔係完全一樣
例如A公司用st.line method計depre
B公司用red bal黎計
咁比較兩間公司既NCA既時候就會有誤差啦

- Function : it is important for inter-period comparisons of an entity’s fin results
如果間公司用既方法會不停咁轉
就會好難比較佢既業績
原理同importance解釋果度差唔多

- Shortcoming : there is no uniformity of a/c methods which would provide consistency of treatment of infor necessary for comparison of different companies
嗯 係同importance講既例子一樣
事實上冇一種要求每間公司都用邊種方法既規定架嘛

- Example :
ABC Company has adapted red bal method for NCA depre since its operation. However, knowing that adapting st.line method generates a higher NP than adapting red bal method, it wants to change its depre method. Nonetheless, this change will violate consistency. Red bal method should be kept in use instead.

7. Materiality
- Meaning : proper classification & a/c treatments should be made according to the relative size of amount & effect of the item
呢個concept要求公司跟番唔同item對於公司既影響同埋金額
黎做番相對既分類同埋處理
最典型既例子就係stationery
stationery雖然可以叫做A
但係因為stationery消耗得比較快
而且對一間公司黎講 尤其係大公司
佢既價值都係比較低
所以stationery屬於consumable A
只會當佢係普通exp咁處理
有剩既就會入落prepayments咁樣

- Importance : it provides relevant infor for users
呢個concept避免左會有唔相關既資料提供比FS使用者既情況發生
用番stationery做例子
如果一間公司每年閒閒地都會賺番成千萬
而stationery又得果幾百蚊
都唔會影響到幾多野架啦
所以入落CA都冇乜大影響
就索性當exp處理算數

- Shortcoming : materiality has lacked a strict operational definition. Non-disclosure of a material item due to wrong judgment can mislead the users
呢個concept冇一個標準話你知究竟點先為之「material」(姐係有影響既infor)
點先唔係
所以都係要靠主觀既判斷
如果判斷錯誤 FS就會誤導左d使用者

- Example :
For a company earning at least $1000000 NP every yr, stationery valuing at $1000 should be treated as exp instead of CA as the amount is insignificant (不顯著).

8. Matching
- Meaning : rev & corresponding exp to earn the rev should be recorded in the same period
rev同埋相對exp要入番落同一個a/c period
例如sales同埋COGS
如果一件標價$100既貨既cost係$50既
咁IS入面就要包番$100 sales同埋$50 COGS
當然 一間公司唔會淨係得咁少sales啦
我純粹想指出所有sales同COGS就係用呢個方法黎入數咁解姐

- Importance : it facilitates reporting of an accurate profit for the yr
原理同accruals concept相似
呢段時間賺左幾多錢
就自然係睇番呢段時間有幾多收益同埋支出架啦

- Function : it helps determine when to record exp & rev
呢個concept提供左一個幾時記錄rev & exp既準則

- Shortcoming : it may not be easy to match certain exp with specific rev
唔係每樣rev & exp都可以輕易對應番
例如係NCA & depre
事實上好難去搵番某件NCA係某段時間內對盈利有幾多影響
仲要用$黎表示既(姐係量化左佢) 就真係難上加難
所以惟有用根據NCA既useful life黎平均分攤既方法黎入depre

- Example :
Depre is charged every yr for a piece of equipment when it is in use.

9. Objectivity
- Meaning : infor recorded in the a/cs should be objective (supported by evidence) & without bias.
入落a/cs既資料要客觀同埋冇偏見

- Importnace : infor provided would be more reliable
由於a/cs既資料係客觀同埋冇偏見既
所以就會更加可信了

- Function : for infor to be objective, it would require independent confirmation of transactions & evidence to support measurement of their economic effect
為左要令資料客觀
公司需要搵番交易既獨立確認
同埋要搵番證據黎證明交易對金錢方面既影響

- Shortcoming : wk is required to collect evidence, which is sometimes difficult & time-consuming to find
同accruals concept差唔多
有時搵番上黎又係特別麻煩的

- Example :
A sole proprietor wants to put one of his premises (=buildings) into his company for bus use. He believed that it is worth $100 million. To confirm his valuation, he hired a professional surveyors (測量師) who appraised the building at $50 million. Thus, he should record the premise at $50 million as it is supported by verifiable facts & it is a more objective measure.

10. Timeliness
- Meaning : The need to publish a/cs as quickly as possible to obtain the most updated infor.
要盡快更新a/cs記錄
以便取得最新資訊

- Importance : Users should be presented with infor that is as up-to-date as possible & be informed of any significant events that have occurred since the end of the accounting period (post-BS events).
跟住呢個principle黎入record既話
使用者 (包括internal & external) 就可以知道最新既消息 / 係financial period完左之後發生左既重大影響事件
而呢類事件係冇記錄係最近一次既BS入面既

- Shortcoming : To provide infor on a timely basis, It is often necessary to report before all aspects of a transaction / an event is known. This affects the reliability of the infor. If the reporting is delayed until all facts are known, the infor may be highly reliable but of little use to users.
由於要盡快提供資料比使用者
所以通常都會係知悉所有交易 / 事件之前就要發佈手頭上有既資料出去先
令到呢d資料既可靠性存疑
但係如果等到知道哂之後先黎整fin reports
雖然入面既資料係好可靠 但係對使用者黎講都冇乜用
道理就好似考完DSE BAFS之後先知道1d好重要既技巧
考之前又唔知咁樣
雖然係有用 但係都考完試啦
冇得坐時光機番去以前架嘛
於是事後先知道都冇乜太作用

- Example :
Companies listed on the Main Board are required to publish their annual fin results within 4 months after the end of the fin yr. As for half-yrly results (interim report), they need to be published within 3 months after the end of the period.
(呢度講緊既公司係已經上市既公司)

11. Realisation
- Meaning : Income / rev should be recorded when gds / services are delivered / rendered respectively instead of when sales order is made. Also, the customer has incurred the corresponding L.
sales只可以係送左貨 / 提供左服務比顧客之後先可以入落a/cs
如果未做到呢一點 個客純粹係落左訂單既
即使佢已經比左訂金 都唔可以入落a/cs住既

- Function : It helps determine the time for recording rev.
呢個principle提供左幾時記錄rev既票則

- Importance : Rev can then be record in correct period to reflect correct profit for the period.
同accruals原理差唔多
呢個pricniple就可以反映番某個fin yr所賺到既rev

- Example :
A customer ordered gds of $1000 at 31 March 2013, which is ABC Company’s fin yr end date & these gds are to be delivered 3 days later. In this case, this sales of $1000 should not be recorded at 31 March 2013 as these gds are not delivered yet. Instead, it should be recorded in the next fin yr.

12. Money measurement / Quantifiability
- Meaning : Only facts and events that can be expressed in monetary terms are recorded in the a/cs. Purchasing power of the dollar is assumed to be stable.
只可以入用到$黎表示既事實 / 事件落去a/cs度
同時假設$既購買力係穩定既
姐係唔會受到通脹 / 通縮既影響

- Importance : A common measuring unit is a necessary condition for the use of double-entry bkkeeping.
係double-entry入面
用同一個unit係必需既
解釋請見function部份

- Function : It allows accountability and the report of various flows of value.
accountability係指可以比較得到
下面會再有提及到既
跟呢個principle既話 就可以比較到價值既流入與流出
例如一間公司既unit係HKD$
佢唔會係motor vehicle a/c既transactions係用HKD$黎表示
又係office equipment a/c用US$黎表示
咁樣根本冇意思的
因為都比較唔到兩者既價值
入黎都係盞哂氣

- Shortcoming : Facts & events that are non-measurable in monetary terms are ignored.
唔可以量化既事實 / 事件就會被無視
例如係morale of staff & gd reputation of the company
但係呢d資料對一間公司既營運黎講都係好重要的

- Example :
Although gd reputation of the company is important information, it can not be recorded in the a/cs as it cannot be expressed in monetary terms.

13. Substance over form
- Meaning : Transactions are recorded in their underlying economic reality / substance instead of the legal form.
就咁解釋都幾抽象下
字面意思係話transactions要跟番牽涉到既實物既實質位置黎入數
而唔係法律上既位置
用例子講解會比較易明
例如A公司問B公司借左部machine黎幫助生產
咁部machine就會由B公司搬左去A公司度啦
雖然部machine係法律上黎講係屬於B公司
於是depre應該係入落B公司度
但係A公司借左部machine既期間 B公司都唔會用到呢部machine
A公司先會用到佢
所以depre係應該入落A公司度 而唔係B公司

- Importance : To ensure real economic effect of transactions are recorded & avoid “Creating Accounting”.
跟呢個principle係為左要確保transactions反映到真實既情況
同埋避免假數出現既情況
睇番頭先個例子應該都會明白

- Function : Recording of the reality of transactions is necessary for bringing a true & fair view of the FS reports.
要令FS reports反映到最真實既情況
就必需要按照transactions既實質(substance form)黎記錄

- Shortcoming : Wrong identification of transaction substance may lead to overstatement of A & L.
如果分錯左transactions做substance
再跟住黎入既時候就可能會誇大左A / L既金額

- Example :
During the lease period of A, the leased A should be recorded as a NCA in the lessee’s a/c bks when the finance lease in entered into and acc depre is to be charged every fin yr.

13個principles既內容就到此完結
不過呢課仲有另外4樣野要背既
就係FS 4個qualitative characteristics
姐係要令FS發揮到最大作用既4個特點
宜家就介紹埋先

1. Understandability
The infor provided in FS should be readily understandable by users. Bus should assure that FS are prepared in compliance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and generate important infor that can be easily understood by users.
公司應該要確保FS係跟住上面13個principles黎準備既
而且FS仲要提供到容易明白既重要資訊比使用者

2. Relevance
Accounting infor must be relevant to the decision-making needs of users. To be relevant, infor should be able to help users evaluates past, present / future events (predictive role).
a/c既資料要同使用者做既decision-making有關
要d資料有關既話 就要幫到使用者去評價過去 / 現在 或者 預測未來既事件

3. Reliability
Accounting infor must be reliable. Users can depend on it with confidence. It must be free from material error & bias & verifiable by others like investors.
a/c既資料一定要係可靠既
令到使用者可以好放心咁用
資料一定要係準確無誤之餘 又要可以被其他人核實得到
例如係投資者

4. Comparability
Accounting infor is more useful if it can be compared with similar facts abt the same entity over several periods / about another entity for the same period.
a/c資料如果可以比較到一間公司唔同時期既相似事實
又或者可以比較兩間公司同一個時期既相似事實
就會更加有用

~試題示範~ (有d題目冇乜字 所以我就自己打出黎算數)
1. CE 1996 (1) (初級)
題目:
Define the following accounting principles and give an example for each to illustrate its application:
(a) going concern (5marks)
(b) quantifiability (5marks)

答案 (取自marking scheme & 人手寫既已經老師批改之滿分答案):
(a) : Going concern concept assumes that a business will continue in operational existence in the near foreseeable future. Therefore, assets of the company should be valued at their purchase or manufacturing cost instead of their market value. If the company is going to wind up, assets should be recorded at their market values.

For instance, if ABC Limited decides to close down two months later, its assets (both non-current and current) should be valued at their market values. For example, stock with cost of $10000 and market value of $5000 should be valued at $5000.

(b) : Quantifiability (註:亦即money measurement concept) states that only facts and events that can be expressed in monetary terms are recorded in the accounts.

For example, although a company’s good reputation facilitates its sales, it cannot be recorded into the company’s accounts as it cannot be expressed in monetary terms.

個人意見 (連分析):
典型既a/c principle獨立題目
呢種出法係最直接簡單既
不過今次每個principle所佔既分比較多
近幾年呢種出法都係各佔3分架姐
都係比definition & example就搞惦
今次都係 不過內容佔既比重就大左咁解

題目話要define & illustrate with example
所以definition & example就一定唔少得
好直接咁寫左出黎就冇問題架啦
Example方面 可以搵番上面每個principle入面有比到既example
覺得方便既可以順手背埋佢 唔使自己再搵/諗

2. CE 2006 (1) (A:初級 B:中級)
題目:


答案 (取自marking scheme & 1A附人手寫既已經老師批改之滿分答案):



1Aa. Realisation states that income should be recorded when goods or services are delivered and rendered respectively instead of they are ordered.

For instance, a customer ordered $1000 goods at 31 March 2013, which is ABC Company’s financial year end date and these goods are to be delivered three days later. In this case, this sales of $1000 should not be recorded at 31 March 2013 as these goods are not delivered yet.

b. (取自上面第1條part a) Going concern concept assumes that a business will continue in operational existence in the near foreseeable future. Therefore, assets of the company should be valued at their purchase or manufacturing cost instead of their market value. If the company is going to wind up, assets should be recorded at their market values.

For instance, if ABC Limited decides to close down two months later, its assets (both non-current and current) should be valued at their market values. For example, stock with cost of $10000 and market value of $5000 should be valued at $5000.

分析 (part B only ; part A請見個人意見部份):
(a) : “popular”呢個字眼暗示左呢個news & search site有good reputation
所以間公司既前景照計都唔錯既
再睇落去 d directors又懶醒咁諗住因為個網站前景幾好
就預計advertising income會持續增加
所以就搶先一步 入定d未來收入落a/cs度

但係根據conservatism (prudence concept)
A & rev should not be overstated / anticipated
今次呢舊$1000000既advertising income(其實都未發生-.-)係預計出黎既
未真正發生
所以就唔應該咁快就入落去
要等佢真係發生左啦 先至可至名正明順咁入落去

(b) : 呢一小題就有好多數字
所以大家做既時候要有種sense
就係答既時候一定會用到呢d數字
唔好generally講完就拜拜
因為人地有比到個情景你
唔用既話分分鐘比人扣分

咁呢度就講左COGS & sales啦
兩者有乜關係呢?
諗到既話 就知道呢個principle睇落幾大機會同matching有關
因為COGS (exp)要夾番sales (exp)黎record既

咁既然佢比左咁多數字
不如就順手喇黎計下數啦
(雖然我都知「幾」順手下..不過始終做題目就係要咁「順手」架啦
呢d就叫sense)
如果400對鞋都賣哂出去咁爽
咁COGS就會係400 x 300 = $120000
因為總共有400對 & 每對cost係$300
不過原來淨係賣左380對 姐係仲剩番20對(=400-380)
咁所以真正既COGS就會係380 x 300 = $114000
因為只係賣左380對 & 每對cost係$3000
但係公司就入左$120000 COGS wor
咁就知佢入錯左啦
於是就話matching concept has been violated
同埋再講番呢個情況 & correct treatment出黎就完成了

個人意見 (連part A分析):
呢條part A同第1條一樣係咁問法
不過分數就調整番去每個principle 3分
比足definition & example就收得工

Part B就堅係考應用了
頭先係本課要求&重點果part提過下識得應用既重要性
呢條就係證明
part a就比較明顯 所以就易睇d
part b就要你識手痕去計數 就稍為多少少功夫
不過都唔係好難既
相信大家熟左呢課之後都會做得到的
有關情景應用題既答法 請參考注意事項第3點

3. CE 1993 (1) (中級)
題目:


答案 (取自marking scheme & ii + iii附人手寫既已經老師批改之滿分答案):



(ii) : Business entity concept is applied. It states that a business is seen as an entity economically and legally separated from its owner.

Therefore, as the dividend Mr Chan and his wife received is their personal income instead of income earned by the company, it should be recorded as the owner’s contribution (capital) in this case.

(iii) : Quantifiability concept is applied. It states that only facts and events that can be expressed in monetary terms are recorded in the accounts.

分析:
(i) : depre (=exp)係同matching有關既
因為佢係用黎根據NCA既useful life黎match番件NCA所generate既rev
所以即使冇真係洗錢落depre都好
一樣都係要charge番depre既

至於accruals concept
其實我個人認為matching會更加切合番depre既情況
不過marking既解釋固然係正確架啦
但我始終覺得寫番matching會比較貼切
大家就自行選擇啦 可以選擇無視我既個人主觀感覺的

(ii) : 第一句只係引子 意義唔係好大既
總之dividend received by the owner就係佢既personal income
而唔係間公司自己賺番黎既income
所以根據bus entity concept 要入落公司都係當additional cap
而唔係公司既income

(iii) : 呢個statement…大家係(恥?)笑既同時都要留意番個情景
yrs of exp & efficient team係唔可以用$黎表示的
所以根據quantifiability (=money meansurement concept)
當然就唔入得落A a/c入面啦
話知個owner既領導幾英明都好啦..haha (邪笑)

個人意見:
呢條都係應用題既其中一種常見出題方式
其實要講獨立題目呢
a/c principle係出直接問果種比較多
應用題係偶爾先會出下咁樣

題目要求比reason & refer a/c principle
其實說穿了又係果句:麻煩比name & definition & 解釋
講黎講去 EAA都只不過係想盡辦法想考番考生同一樣野姐…
只係下下都出同一種出法 傻仔都識做啦
所以唔使比條題目既包裝兇到
撕開佢醜陋既外表之後(誇張法) 要喇滿分就真係話都冇咁易
當然前提係要背熟d principles先啦

話說今次個marking不時會係同一part出現2個可接受既principles
而唔係1個
呢種情況係宜家既公開試黎講係99.9%罕見架啦
因為咁樣會令到條題目有爭議 亦都比較含糊不清
所以多數都會出到淨係只係用到1個principle架姐
另外果d就唔接受做答案既
想知道究竟咩principle先岩
就係靠睇條題目既字眼
d字眼係同principle既字眼相符既
咁就可以放心寫番呢個principle落去
所以要背得熟個principle就係咁解
唔熟既話好易會出錯 / 執唔哂分的

~常見題目種類~
1. define & give example for each of the following a/c principle 跟住比兩個principles考生

2. 提供情景
然後一係指出當中違反(violate)左咩principle & 解釋
一係就解釋當中應用(apply)左咩principle & 解釋點解咁做係正確
或者兩者同時都要做 (當條題目分開幾個情景既時候)

~注意事項~
1. 關鍵字要用得精準
例如quantifiability
佢個defintion係”states that only facts & events that can be expressed in monetary terms are recorded in the a/cs”
如果將facts & events轉做information
咁就唔夠準確
marker有權係呢個位扣分
呢樣就真係要靠背 冇其他方法架啦

2. 直接問principle既題目如果有時條分出奇地多分
咁除左要比definition & example之外
仲要就definition解釋多幾句
情景題多數要比埋correct treatmeat
唔係答完就違反(violate)左咩principle就走人
直接問既題目 你唔放心既可以寫埋function / importance / shortcoming
correct treatment可以係example果度加埋
不過都唔好放太多時間係a/c principle度
再準確黎講 係唔好放太多時間係一條題目度
時間分配好重要的
呢度就唔講咁多住 有關考試既原則 / 技巧請詳見#65

3. 對住情景題
記得除左講理論之外 仲要照番實際情況黎講細節
試題示範第2條part B(b)就係一個例子
至於點樣講法 就可以睇番呢part既分析部份

4. 答既時候最好一個pt一段
姐係definition & example分開兩段黎寫
等marker睇pt比分既時候都清楚d
佢睇得開心 自然比分都比得豪爽d啦
所以咁係都係為左互惠互利
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 樓主| 發表於 9-2-2013 21:28:16 | 顯示全部樓層
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